Breadboards aren't good for condenser microphones . To fully check is the microphone work it need to be properly grounded and capsule closed into headbasket (farraday cage?). If you want to start from electret - then it doesn't matter.
For external polarised condenser:
First you need to find microphone body!
Then you need to choose board size

I think you could find cheap MXL, Alctron, T.bone or any other microphone to learn.
You will get microphone body and the capsule what's the most important.
You can always desolder PCB's and make the new circuit

Mostly you will find two topologies:
- raped Neumann circuit with output transformer
- raped Schoeps circuit - transformerless