sahib said:
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Joaquins,
Would you be able to describe the law in simple terms?
I can not disclose my client's design but the solution to the problem is to provide a mechanism to overcome the dead spot in a rotor/stator set-up that utilises the push-pull action of a set of permanent magnets. My point to the client was that even if we got it working what would he do with it. There are cheaper ways of lighting up an LED.
There are 4 laws of thermodynamics,
The law 0 is quite obvious and useless in our case, if a A is at the same temp than B and B is at the same temp than C, then A is at the same temp than B.
The law 1 is conservation of energy, the energy of a closed system remains constant, or the sum of energies going in and out of an open system is equal to 0.
The law 2 is about entropy, a system always goes in the direction of a higher entropy, for example the heat always goes from the place of higher temperature to the lower temperature.
The law 3 says you can't get to absolute 0 in a finite number of stages, or at 0 ºK entropy gets minimum and constant, or some other ways of describing it.
The thing is that in your system you can't create energy, you could be just converting what you put to start with. In any thermal machine the heats goes from hotter to colder to produce work (or takes work to get the heat going in the other direction). You are supposed to take work from your machine (in the form of a flow of electrons to turn on an LED). The energy you put into the system is the hot end, the higher temperature, the remaining energy is the cold end, the lower temperature. You can't get the energy of a colder side unless you have an even colder side which will be your new colder side. This remaining energy gives the limitation to the efficiency of the machine (hot and cold are not necessary temps but states of different entropy).
You could use a peltier capsule, use a can with hot water and a can with cold water at each side and you turn on an LED with it, this is a quite explicit, if the cold water is at 0ºK and remains there all the process you get all the energy from the hot can. In the real world the difference in temp between the two cans will limit the energy you can take from it (considering the capsule can manage that and doesn't lost any power). You could get water from a higher altitude and drop it to a lower altitude and get the energy from it (hydroelectric power station) but the energy you get from it is limited by the difference in altitude of the water at each side of the station.
Let's go back to the internal combustion energy and the turbocharger as an example. You start with the hot end (air at ambient temperature and fuel) and end with the cold end (exhaust air, such is quite hot, the residues of the combustion, as CO2, H2O, etc. and some extra heat in the motor going out thanks to the cooling system) The energy you took out from the reaction is the energy of burning the fuel less the heat you put into the air at the exhaust and the cooling system.
Note that colder air at the intake is more dense so you can burn more fuel and the cooling system works better so the exhaust gases are colder, overall efficiency doesn't change much but the motor can produce more HP.
Adding a turbocharger makes it use some of the lost energy at the exhaust changing the hot low-pressure fast air to slower colder higher pressure at the output of the turbo. This energy could be used for what you want, the idea here is to use it as a charger, putting higher pressure air at the intake to be able to burn more fuel, then more HP. Intercooler makes intake air cooler, more dense, more fuel, more HP. The only efficiency you are winning from it is the one recovered from the exhaust gases but isn't used as direct output but to allow the motor to burn more fuel. You get a bit better efficiency but not too much. You do get more fun HP driving it!
Hope it helps, it can't be done, not with vacuum or unobtanium bearings and virgin sweat as lube. It's physics and that's why in most places is not allowed to patent perpetual motion machines, to protect the creator (ASSumed not so brilliant with good reasons) from himself of wasting money in something physics says it can't be done. I think sahib approach was quite appropriate. There is nothing wrong with trying to get a better efficiency generator, there are quite a few things GRONW in trying to create a perpetual motion machine.
JS