Anodized aluminum has a coating of oxide that most acids cannot eat through.
Anodizing is actually the process of "rusting"(oxidizing) aluminum in a controlled manner and depositing a color within the oxide layer.
When aluminum oxidizes, it's actually a clear layer so someone found out that you can put color in it when you cause it to happen.
The natural oxide layer isn't very thick but the one that we create is very thick.
Oxides are very stable and hard to break apart chemically. Acids usually can't do that unless they are extremely strong, in which case they would likely destroy the whole piece of metal at the same time.