JohnRoberts said:
PS; I made an obvious strategic mistake by posting a list of examples, the smart way to discredit the entire list is refute the weakest one and extrapolate that the entire list must be bogus, that generally works in debate. You can figure out which one(s) to discredit. I'm surprised nobody has challenged my framing this as an economic issue. How come the minorities have weaker economic communities? (I feel like I am arguing with myself.... I can't win doing that.)
I'll use my city as an example.
Baltimore used to have redlining, which was the completely legal practice of roping off neighborhoods to prevent black people from buying in (literally codified on a map: https://blogs.library.jhu.edu/2017/09/the-baltimore-redlining-map-ranking-neighborhoods). Certain neighborhoods were also sundown communities, meaning that someone could be arrested, based on the color of their skin, for being in that area after sundown. A black person could become a prominent lawyer and earn enough money to buy a house in a neighborhood that could refuse to allow them to buy, at first legally and then "in practice" even if it was illegal for the housing agent to act in such a way. This resulted in black neighborhoods and white neighborhoods. Businesses and public services (including schools) would favor white neighborhoods, which systematically increased their value while black neighborhoods were mostly limited to entrepreneurial businesses and also generally fell into disrepair in part due to neglect by the city government, which depressed their values. Again, this continued even after redlining and sundowning was illegal. Because owning housing is a primary way the middle class is able to build generational wealth, the result of this is that generations of black wealth were stagnant against inflation, while white families' wealth increased. A lot of Baltimore's neighborhoods are still highly segregated. (I've lived in mixed neighborhoods the entire time I've been an adult, but the one I'm in now used to be white: A friend of my wife's grandmother, upon learning where we lived, said during lunch one day, "They didn't used to let ******* live in your neighborhood." I asked that we please never have lunch with her again afterward.)
Anyway, a group that included black churches, community leaders, and activists then started a process known as "block busting," where they would try to buy a house on a single block in a white neighborhood for a black family. (It took extra effort because one of the means of preventing black families from buying into these neighborhoods is that they would be given a different, and higher, price for the house than a white family would.) This would sometimes cause the most racist people there to leave, while others would leave because the flight would cause a market glut and depress the housing values in the neighborhood. (Book on this: https://www.amazon.com/Blockbusting-Baltimore-Edmondson-Village-Story/dp/0813109353.) This had mixed results: On the one hand, it would create mixed neighborhoods. On the other hand, if the neighborhood instead "flipped," the houses would be worth less than the black families had paid, and their values would stagnate, and everyone was right back where they started, except the city as a whole (which used to be one of the largest cities in America with over 1M people until the 50s) lost half its population to the county. Those people still commuted to the city and expected city services to be rendered to them but crashed the city's tax base. So while blockbusting probably improved peoples' lives a little, it didn't result in a homogeneous mixture and stable growth of wealth for all groups.
School bussing was a similar effort to lift everyone up and is very, very closely tied to housing issues, because students are expected to go to school where they live. Further, school funding was (and still is in many ways) tied to the district's tax take, which resulted in a systematic detriment to black communities' schools. There are many other factors that play into a student's success in school, but you can probably guess that not having enough textbooks to go around has a bad outcome. Before it was ended, studies were done that showed that bussing improved the test scores of black students with no negative effect on white students -- but somehow the argument was successfully made that it was hurting the "better" students, so schools went back to being segregated. Since education is closely tied to economic success in many industries (especially STEM), the backslide resulted in another generations-long blow.
This is just *one* aspect of systematic problems. The war on drugs disproportionately affects black people for arrests, trial, and sentencing, causing a skill and economic drain on black communities.
Now, I'm not a historian; I'm just repeating the history that I've read that was written by people who have actually examined the long term effects of this and based on the critical concensus of historians whose expertise is in this area, and I've never heard or read and serious, well-sourced arguments disputing anything I've written above, even by people who argue that the effect might be less drastic or unknowable than what I've said. Frankly, I would be surprised if anyone on this board was a professional historian. I'm sure a couple people are going to reply to part of this post with their own opinions, but maybe we should all read more and talk less about things we don't study professionally.
Per capita makes a powerful talking point and is mathematically computed correctly.
The real question is what is your or my chance of being killed by police today?
For instance, John, you seem to have posted multiple times on this page where he seems to argue that per capita should not be used even though everyone was talking about the disproportionate
rate at which
one group (black folks) is shot by police. I would say that if it's been so long since your last probability and stats lecture that you can't work out that this is the precise situation in which "per capita" must be used, or you don't understand your own sources, maybe you shouldn't use Twain's words about statistics. The answer to your question is "less often if you are white" based on every available data point. I can find no survey literature presenting evidence that this is an economic problem, so your gut feeling that this is an economic and not race issue is not based on available evidence. Fryer at Harvard is probably your most even-handed source for this, because he refuses to draw a conclusion due to lack of data but even he argues that the perception of bias is as detrimental as if the bias actually existed (disclaimer: I haven't read anything new from him since 2018 or so). Boston School of Public Health concluded that race
was a significant factor as recently as 2018. There are other actual studies to read, so you don't have to rely on your personal conclusions that don't seem to be based on any analysis of the data.
And frankly everyone here, as usual, would do better to read sources by people who actually study this for a living than lengthy posts written on this forum by people in completely unrelated disciplines.
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I'm also not going to argue it at length, but you've seized on "dismantling the police department" but don't seem to have actually read and understood the legislation being debated. No one is getting rid of the police. If you think that, reconsider where you get your news.